Tuesday, August 14, 2012

First phone call!!!


I just got off the phone with Allison. We talked 4 minutes and 47 seconds. It was really strange. I have no memories of talking on the phone with her, none. But surely I must have. Surely I have, at some point, talked on the phone with her. I mean, when I went away to college email wasn't common and texting simply didn't exist. Did I just not communicate with her?

Perhaps my anticipation of this surreality – of hearing her hear me, the surreality of her understanding the entire conversation – was what made me wait so long to call her. I don't know (and I have thought about it a lot). She's talked to my mother; her husband Joe; her oldest son, Kyle. Our sisters, Jennifer and Michelle, both called her the day her implant was turned on. Me, I wait 54 days. 

Crazy. Exciting. Crazy exciting!

Friday, August 3, 2012

The Hook Up, Part 2


Amy, the audiologist, has finished programming Allison's MAP, and there’s some downtime while we wait for Misha and Pete and the kids to arrive.
“So, are you scared about what it’s going to sound like?” Amy asks.
Allison nods her head and says, “Yes.”
“What are you afraid it’s going to sound like?”
“I’m afraid it’s going to sound electronic, but also that I’m not going to be able to hear Joy’s real, true voice. Before, with just the amplification, I was hearing everyone’s true voice.”
“It’s very normal for it to sound electronic, that’s your body trying to figure out what it’s supposed to do with all that sound. I’ve never had anybody say, ‘It sounds electronic’ a week later, or two weeks later. Usually when we measure the beeps two weeks later, people say, ‘Oh, that sounds so much better.’” Allison nods.
 “What does Joy know about this?” Amy asks.
“I think she knows that I’m going to hear better, but she was a little upset when we left this morning to come without her.”
Amy suggests explaining to Joy some of the ways she can help. “Like," Amy says, "'Always look at Mommy when you’re talking to her.''”
Allison laughs. “Oh, they know that. All of my kids – when they were little ­– would pull my face around when they wanted to tell me something." She turns her head and she pushes on her jaw with her hand to demonstrate. “They knew they had to turn my face to look at them for me to be able to understand them.” Her phone buzzes in her lap. “They’re here,” she tells us.
I look around me and make sure all the cords and other crap is out of the way. The room is already getting warm, what with the four of us, the overhead lights, and all the electronics in such a small space.
The door is cracked, and when Misha pushes it open we see the three little ones huddled in front of her. They’re reluctant to come in, but finally do so with a little encouragement. Tallulah and Joy sit down facing Allison in two kid-sized chairs that Amy has brought in from another room. Misha takes the chair closest to Allison, and Pete the chair next to that. Finn climbs in Misha’s lap and makes himself comfortable.
From her seat next to the intern, Amy turns to Misha and Pete. “We’re going to start with it turned down low, so she’s not expected to hear anything.” She turns back to the computer, her hands on the keyboard.
“Okay," Amy says after a moment. "It’s on now, and I’m just going to keep talking to give you something to listen to.” Allison nods. “As soon as you start to hear something, let me know.”
“I can hear something,” Allison says.
“What does it sound like – beeps?”
“I guess so, it almost sounds like the radio.”
“I’m going to keep . . ..”
“I can just hear weird noises,” Allison interrupts.
“Is it hurting? Is the volume okay?”
“No, it’s not hurting. I can hear it pretty good.”
            “I’m going to try turning it up while we talk,” Amy says.
            The room is quiet except for the sound of Amy typing and the drone of the air-conditioner.
            Amy looks back at Allison. “How are you doing right now?”
            Allison’s eyes open wide and she shakes her head a little bit. “Whoa!” she says, smiling big. “It’s . . . no, I mean . . . I can hear.”
            “Is the volume too high?”
            “No, I think it’s okay, but any higher I think would be too high.”
            “Let’s leave it here for a few minutes. After that, we’ll see if we can turn it up.”
            Allison nods and Joy and Tallulah shift in their seats. Misha holds up her iphone with her right hand, taking video (although she knows I have two video cameras running). Finn relaxes back against her and she wraps her other arm around him. Pete crosses his arms across his chest. We watch. We wait.
            “So what is it sounding like right now?” Amy asks.
            “Like . . . Star Wars – something weird – little beeps.” She draws her hands together in front of her, bringing all ten fingertips to a single point, and then pulls them apart like she’s pulling taffy. At about eight inches, her hands burst open, her fingers spreading big and wide like small explosions.
            “It’s your brain trying to figure out what it’s getting.”
            “Okay.”
            “We’re still a little bit low, compared to where you were at a few minutes ago,” Amy says, referring to how high the volume was set during the programming of her MAP. “We’ll have to see if we can turn it up high enough to hear the voices louder.”
            Finn wiggles in Misha’s lap. He fumbles with his red “New York Mafia” ball cap, trying to find the perfect place on his head.
            “Now that it’s been on a few minutes," Amy asks, "can I turn it up?” Allison nods and Amy turns it up. “Getting any different? Any better?”
            Allison shakes her head.
            “About the same?”
            Allison nods.
            “How’s the volume?”
            “Fine,” Allison says. I try to read her expression. I wonder if she's frustrated that she's still only hearing beeps and not words – no language of any kind – but I can't tell.
            “Would it hurt if I turned it up a little? Can I try turning it up?”
            “Yeah,” she says.
            “How are you doing with the way that it feels?”
            “It’s fine.”
            “It doesn’t hurt or anything?”
            Allison shakes her head.
            “Very good. Are you hearing voices with the beeps?”
            Allison shakes her head. “I thought I did,” she says, “but . . .." She tilts her head just a little and looks past me to the wall, concentrating. "No, it’s just the beeps.” Allison's voice sounds like it does when she can't hear anything – louder than her usual speaking voice, and more monotone.
            “The reason why you might hear a beep instead of a word," Amy says, "is because you’ve got so much new information, and your brain is trying to piece it all together – this entire conversation, everything. And when we talk, the pitch changes very rapidly."
            Amy is understanding and empathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic – all at the same time. Her voice reflects this, her tone upbeat and encouraging.
             “So instead of just talking," Amy continues, "I’m going to make some very small sounds. Instead of words, I’m going to have you listen to very short, individual sounds and then after a few minutes I’m going to see if you can tell them apart.”
            “Ok.”
            Amy turns toward the girls, leans out of her seat a little, and reaches behind them. She pulls a laminated piece of paper out of a drawer. Printed on it are the words ‘mmmm’ and ‘sssss’ and ‘eeee’ and ‘oooo’ and ‘aaaah’ and ‘shhhh’.
            “Just listen," Amy says to Allison, "while I point to the sounds.” The reason for doing this, she explains, is so Allison knows what she is supposed to be hearing. In a sense, Allison is telling her brain, “You know that noise you’re hearing? It’s supposed to sound like ‘mmmm.’”             In her slow, deliberate speaking voice, Amy goes through the list, articulating each sound as she points to the letters on the page. Allison’s lips press together in a tight, closed smile. Dimples appear of either side of her mouth.
            When Amy finishes with the last sound, Allison says, “I can hear that! Weird!”
            “What did they sound like?”
            “I mean, they sounded like ‘mmmm’, ‘ssss’, ‘eeee’, ‘ssss.’ I got it through all the beeps.” Allison keeps pulling her big grin back into a tight smile, trying to rein in her visible excitement. I keep my gaze fixed on my camera's display screen, so I don't see everyone else's reaction, but I can feel it. We're all excited.
            “I’m going to say them again,” Amy says, “but this time I want you to tell me which one you hear.”
            “Ok.”
            Amy reaches behind the girls again, this time for a wooden embroidery loop with a piece of thin black material stretched across it. Allison looks at me and half mouths, half whispers, “It’s weird!”
            “Let’s try this,” Amy says, holding up the embroidery loop, “so you can’t see my mouth.” The loop acts as a screen and prevents Allison from lip-reading. Amy holds the laminate in the other hand.
            “You ready?” Allison nods and looks down at the page as Amy says, ‘shhh.’ Allison cocks her head, scrunches up her eyes and forehead in a pensive, almost puzzled way.
            “Shhh?”
            “Very good!” Amy says, giving her a thumbs up.
            Amy, “Mmmm.”
            Allison, “Mmmm?”
            “Awesome!” Amy says. “Eeee.”
            Allison, “Eeee?”
            “Perfect!”
            I pan over to my parents. It’s been so quiet I forgot for a minute about everyone else in the room. Misha’s still holding up her iphone, still has her left arm wrapped around a very slouched Finn. She’s trying not to cry, but she’s crying anyway. Pete’s smiling, looking a little dumbfounded.
            Amy and Allison keep going back and forth, but when Amy gets to ‘ssss’ Allison says, “shhh?”
            “Close,” Amy says. "Listen again: ‘ssss.’"
            “Eeee?”
            “No,” Amy says, “you were closer the first time.” She points down at the laminate. “It’s ‘ssss.’ Listen to these two,” she says. She alternates between the ‘ssss’ and the ‘shhh,’ pointing as she does.
            “Can you hear the difference?”
            “Yes,” Allison says, “they sound different.”
            Amy starts the process over again, going through all the sounds on the laminate.
            “Are you starting to pick out more words,” Amy says, referring to the conversation, “or is it all still beeps?”
            “It’s still . . ..” Allison moves her hands like little explosions, like she’s crinkling or crunching paper, sticking her tongue out the side of her mouth in a silly face. “It sounds like R2D2! I’m not kidding! It must have been where they got that.”
            Amy points back down to the page of sounds. “Do these sound better?”
            Allison gives her a tentative yes. “Well, I mean, since I know what I’m looking for, I can make it out between all the other noises.” Amy wants to turn it up and Allison says that’s fine. Amy turns back to the computer and intern.
            We wait.
            “Ok?" Amy asks. "Any better?”
            Allison’s face lights up. “Yes! I can hear your voice now!”
            “Does it hurt?”
            “No!"
            “Can I go up one more?”
            “Yes.”
            Amy turns it up. “How about now?”
            “Yes, I’m starting to be able to hear your voice.”
            I feel Allison relaxing. Or maybe it’s me relaxing. Either way (or both), it’s like the room has a release valve and it's been opened, the tension beginning to dissipate.
            “So, what’s it sound like?” Amy says, “Still robotic?”
            “I can still hear the beeps . . ..”
            “. . . but there’s a voice in the middle of it?” Amy cuts in.
            Allison nods. Big grin.
            “Do you think we could try some single words?”
            Allison says sure, but then looks at me and Misha and Pete. She pulls her mouth into a tight grin and makes a face that reads: I'm only pretending to be worried.
            “Ok, let’s do that,” Amy says. “I always like to have people listen to food words first because they’re really easy.”
            “Ok.”
            “Then I might have someone else here say some too, ok?” The two girls smile up at me as Amy reaches into the cabinet behind them.
            “Hey, Joy!” Allison says during the pause. Joy smiles and looks down. “Can you say something to me?” Joy shakes her head. “Why not?”
            Amy interjects: “Mommy needs to hear your voice to see if her ears are working.”
             “Tallulah," Misha says, "do you want to say something?” Lu nods. “What do you want to say?” Now Tallulah looks down and smiles and leans into her cousin.
            “I know Joy’s going to say something soon,” Misha says. Another big head shake from Joy. Then Lu says, “Hi!”
            Misha turns to Allison. “How does my voice sound?”
            “Good.”
            “So you can hear my voice?”
            “Yes!” Allison says, her one-word response increasing in pitch toward the end, for emphasis, like she's trying to convince Misha that her implant is really working.
            “Not just lip-read?” Misha says.
            “That’s not fair!” Allison laughs, and we laugh too. More tension escapes.
            Amy tells us that Allison’s going to have to relearn everyone’s voice, "So just make sure you’re looking at her and you give her the topic of conversation."
            “Of course,” Misha says, “just like we always have." Misha looks over at the girls. “Joy, you  decide when you want to say something. You don’t have to say anything right now – whenever you want to.” Joy hides her face in Lu’s neck this time, and Lu turns toward her.
            “But you’re going to have to say something to your mama!” Lu says.
            Misha says, “Finnegan, do you want to say something?”
            “Don’t want to,” he mumbles.
            “Hi, Finnie!” Allison says, reaching over to poke his exposed belly.
            Pete threatens to give everyone the claw – his signature tickle-move that never fails to everyone rile up – and Misha says, “We don’t want to all get wild in here!”
            Amy suggests to Joy that she help her practice with her mom. “Like you’ll do at home,” she says.
            It’s really getting hot in the room now and Misha hands Finnegan over to Pete and starts fanning herself.
            “I’m going to show you some words,” Amy says, “and you’re going to practice listening to them while I point. Then I’ll cover my mouth and see if you can identify them.”
            Allison nods.
            “This would be a good way to practice at home. Take a notebook, just a real inexpensive one, and write ten to twenty words to page, then listen to different people say those words. Start out one word at a time, then put them at the end of sentences.”
            “We made a notebook for her when she first lost her hearing,” Misha says. “We put all the pictures of the house and the family in there because she was beginning to lose her speech. I wish I still had that.”
            “You probably do,” Pete and I say at the same time.
            “That book?” Allison says. “I have it. It’s in a box in a closet.”
            "Is it here, in Austin?" I ask.
            “Yeah,” she laughs, “but there’s a lot of stuff in front of it.”
            Misha picks up where she left off. “One of my friends made it [the book] for her because The John Tracy Clinic suggested it.” Misha goes on to recall how Allison began dropping her consonants. “I remember, she wanted to say something was yucky and she said ‘yooey.’”
I'm concentrating – following the conversation, keeping track of how much time I have left on the tape, monitoring the sound levels – so I don't comprehend the weight of what my mother is saying. But now, as I review the tape, I’m stricken by it. I think of Finn, my three-year-old. I think about how I listen and laugh at his silly words and expressions, how I follow his language acquisition, how I take for granted that his sometimes-indecipherable words will begin to take shape and he’ll keep learning new words, new phrases. With a sinking feeling, I realize how devastated my parents must have been: knowing what was happening to Allison – having to watch her struggle – and not being able to explain it to her.
"I remember the first new word Allison learned," Misha says. “It was 'rosin.' We were out by the tree and she wanted to know what the gooey stuff coming out of the tree was. I said, 'rosin,' and she said, 'rosin?'”
“Wait a minute,” I say, “I thought her first new word was Stephanie.” Allison and Pete concur. We pretend to gang up on her, tell her she’s changing her story, our conversation really relaxed, really flowing.
Amy has finished making a list of food words, and starts in with milk, cereal, coffee, eggs. Allison listens as Amy says and points to each word. Rice, orange juice, peanut butter.
“You might need to turn it up,” Allison says, “Your voice is getting lower than the beeps.”
Amy explains that there are two different things she can do to make it louder, and if the first doesn’t work, she’ll try the second.
After the first adjustment, she looks back at Allison. “Did that make any difference? Or not a lot?”
Allison shakes her head. Amy turns back to the computer, tries the second thing.
“That's better," Allison says.
“Let’s listen again.” Amy begins repeating the words and Allison listens. When she finishes, she says, “Okay, now I want you to tell me what you hear.”
“Ok.”
Amy holds the paper in front of her lips and they go through the words on the page. Allison gets every one on the first try, except for ‘coffee.’
Amy repeats it, her mouth covered. “Coffee.”
Allison thinks about it.
“Coffee,” Amy says again. Allison shakes her head, and Amy pulls the screen away from her mouth. “It was coffee.”
Allison laughs. “I thought you were saying ice-cream!”
“But you got the two syllables, that’s good!”
Now Amy wants to turn off the implant entirely and then turn it back on at full volume. She explains to Allison that since she’s been increasing the volume incrementally, she wants to make sure that when Allison first puts it on, it won’t hurt.
Finn is sitting in Pete’s lap and Joy stands up and turns Finn’s cap around backwards. He pulls it back around the right way.
Allison turns to Misha and Pete. “When’s the last time I could do that?”
“Not for a long time,” Misha says.
“Never,” says Pete.
“I know!” Allison says.
“How do our voices sound,” Misha asks.
Allison reminds Misha that Amy’s turned the implant off, but assures her that their voices were getting better a minute ago.
“That’s pretty fast,” Amy says, “to do that. That’s very good.”
“Yeah, I know,” Allison says, smiling and nodding her head to a pretend audience, mouthing ‘thank you, thank you.’
“Well,” Misha says, “she’s pretty smart, if that has anything to do with it.”
“It does, it does,” Amy says. “The brain has a whole bunch to do with it.” Then to Allison, “Ok, you ready?”
“Yes.”
“If anything hurts, tell me.”
“Ok.”
“It’s back on. Does it hurt?”
“No.”
Amy explains that when Allison goes to put her headpiece and processor on, it will make a funny sound at first. “It will be a little bit much,” she says, “but then it will calm down.”
With the components working well and the volume set, at least for now, Amy returns to Allison's homework. “This is how I want you to practice at home. If you can get each word by itself without looking [without lip-reading] – if you can get the words right on the first try 80% of the time – then try some different words. Or, you can practice trying to hear these words at the end of sentences. That’s the next hardest place to hear them.”
            “Alright.”
“You don’t want to put them in the middle of sentences, or at the beginning, quite as fast. It’s a process,” she says, revolving her hands around each other in a circular motion. “Let’s try these at the end of a sentence, see how you do.”            
“Maybe Joy can help,” Misha says. Then looking at Joy, “You can say, ‘Mommy, give me the milk. Lula can say, ‘Give me the bread.’ Finn can say, ‘Give me the coffee.’”
“That’s a good idea!” Amy says. “Do y’all think you can help?” Finn mumbles, “Don’t want to,” but the girls are excited.
Pete pipes up. “I can say, ‘Give me the money!’”
We all laugh and Amy leans in close to Joy. “How about I whisper it in your ear first, then you say it?” Amy holds the paper up to block Allison from looking and whispers to Joy, “Why don’t you say, ‘I want an apple.’”
Joy looks at her mom. “I want an apple.”
“You want an apple?” Allison says.
Smiles and giggles as Amy gets the screen for Joy to hold in front of her mouth. Amy whispers to Joy, “Make some coffee.”
“Make some coffee,” Joy says.
Joy repeats it with the screen in front of her mouth.
“Some coffee?” Allison says.
“Good job,” Amy says, giving her a thumbs up. “She said, ‘Make some coffee.’”
Allison nods and repeats the sentence. A childlike giddiness rises up in my chest and I wonder if Allison's feeling the same thing.
Tallulah’s turn. Amy leans in and whispers to her.
Lu says, “Where’s the orange juice?”
“I can’t hear her voice,” Allison says, touching her ear and looking around the room. “It’s so soft.”
In a much louder voice, Tallulah says, “Where’s the orange juice?”
“Some orange juice?” Allison asks.
“Good job!” Amy says. “She said, ‘Where’s the orange juice?’”
“Where’s the orange juice,” Allison repeats.
“So the goal of that is to get the words at the end.”
Allison’s phone dings, indicating an incoming text, and she looks down. Misha encourages Finn to participate, asks him if he’d like to say something. He mumbles, “Don’t want to.”
“So Allison,” Amy says, getting her attention. “Do you think it’s loud enough or do you want it turned up?”
            “Of course, you know me,” Allison says, “I like it turned up!”
“Okay, we can have different programs, then – two loud and two soft. That way you’ll have room to turn it up if you need to before our next appointment.”
“Ok.”
“And you’ll see both of them on your remote control,” she says, referring to the two programs. She hands Allison a little, white remote control. Amy explains that she’s going to turn Allison’s implant off to set and save the programs, and that she won’t hear anything for a few moments.
We marvel at the fact that she’ll have, essentially, a remote controlled ear. We make jokes about her not losing it. “You’ll have to have a second one,” Misha warns, “a backup.” She turns to the girls. “Joy,” she says, “she could hear what you said, and you too, Tallulah, once you spoke up! But you still have to look at her when you’re talking to her.”
“What did Joy’s voice sound like?” Amy asks.
“Ok,” Allison says, “I mean . . ..”
“You were worried about that.”
“Yeah, it’s actually . . . amazing.” she says. “I don’t know what to say! I can still hear all the beeps a little bit, but the voices are really coming out.”
“Maybe the beeps will go away,” Misha says. “Or you’ll learn to ignore the beeps.”
Amy is working on the programs, facing the computer, but she's following our conversation at the same time. “Probably be gone by next week,” she says.
“Well, you know,” I say from behind the camera, “I mean, think about how we hear –we automatically filter out the background noise.”
“Yes,” Misha says.
“Yes,” Pete agrees, “I do know that.”
“It’s just our brain doing that.” I make an effort to sound authoritative.
“So her brain will start to do that too,” Misha and I practically say at the same time.
Pete jokes that his brain often confuses human voices with background noises and admits to conveniently filtering out what he doesn’t want to hear. I assure him that Rob has that same filter.
“It’s a man thing,” Misha says.
“A selective filter,” Pete says.

So, I think, the dust has settled. We’re back to our normal patterns of conversation. Our familiar, everyday selves step back into the room. The characters we play re-inflate to their usual sizes.

The worried, anxious part of me is satisfied.
 At least for now.


** Coming up next: auditory hallucinations and hardware demonstrations.










Thursday, July 19, 2012

The Hook Up, Part 1


It's Thursday, June 21, 2012, and Allison and I are in the Audiologists’ waiting room at the Austin Ear Clinic. We're waiting. We’re early because Allison thought the appointment was at 8:30 instead of 9. When we realized we had some time to kill, we went to Starbucks, but now I’m not sure if coffee is a good idea. 


Amy opens the door and smiles and greets us and we follow her back to the room. She introduces us to a graduate student who’s going to be helping her and we all find our places: the grad student in front of the computer; Amy sitting right next to her, so she can give her instructions and watch the computer screen; Allison in a chair that’s pulled up against the desk and turned so she’s facing them. I’m on the other side of the room frantically pulling out cables and wireless mics and the two cameras. I’m opening the two tripods and I don’t understand how anyone can do this quickly or without looking like a klutz. Allison and Amy’s conversation naturally falls into the subject of the implant and at one point I say, Wait! Wait! I want to get everything on video! They politely acquiesce, or try to. In less than a minute they’re back to talking about the implant but I don’t say anything because how could they talk about anything else?
I hand them both tiny mics to clip on their shirts.They’re both familiar with how the wireless system works by now and once they’re ready, I’m ready. They test their mics, I listen with the headphones on, we’re good to go.

Twenty-two different electrodes and their individual stimulation levels. The different colours represent levels at different times (see key). This MAP is not Allison's. This is just an image I pulled off the internet to give you an idea of how the graph looks.
The first thing Amy does is plug a thin cable into a mini-jack on Allison’s earpiece, connecting Allison’s processor to Amy’s computer.  A blank graph appears on the computer screen.

Amy turns to look at Allison. “We are going to start counting some beeps, so that way we can program your implant. We are going to try different pitches of sound and you may feel some of them before you hear them. The goal is to set the programming where it’s not too loud, not too soft, and you’re hearing voices okay. I’ve already tested the internal processor, the part under your skin, and everything’s fine with it. Ready for the beeps?
“Yes.” Allison has a big grin on her face.
“I want you to listen for a low beep.” Amy turns back to the screen then back to Allison, waits.
“Nothing?” she asks.
Allison shakes her head.
Amy looks at the screen and then back to Allison. Nothing? Allison thinks then says she can’t tell.
“I’m going to point to my ear when it’s supposed to start,” Amy says, reaching up and touching her left ear.
“Okay.”
“Ready?” Amy asks and touches her ear.
Most of the time Amy is looking at the computer screen, telling the graduate student what she wants her to do and then watching to make sure she does it. I assume she is choosing the pitch, adjusting the volume (level of stimulation), and setting the number of beeps.
She turns to look at Allison again and raises her eyebrows. Nothing? Allison shakes her head no.
These are tense moments. Is she going to hear something? Anything? Of course she is, I tell myself, just as I’ve told myself over and over again these last few months. So I wait. I’m waiting for Allison to say Yes, I heard that!
Amy reaches up and touches her ear, looks at Allison. Allison nods.
“I think I heard that,” Allison says. “Beep beep?”
“How many?” Amy asks, signing the question at the same time.
“Two,” Allison says.
“Good.”

And that’s it – no fanfare or fireworks or clapping – but I take a sigh of relief. It’s working – she hears something.

The process continues like this for half an hour, with Allison nodding more and more often, guessing the correct number of beeps as Amy moves from electrode to electrode, increasing the pitch. Amy is setting the stimulation range – the minimum volume, under which she can’t detect a noise, to the maximum volume, above which the noise becomes painful. The differences in louder sounds are much harder to distinguish, Amy tells us, so she is just focusing on softer sounds today. 

In about 25 minutes we are done, and Misha and Pete and the kids are still not here. Amy suggests starting over from the beginning with the first electrode, and explains that often by the time a patient has gone through all the electrodes once, she can go back to the first one and suddenly the patient can hear the beeps at a much lower volume. “This is because,” Amy explains, “the patient knows what to listen for.” This is just another way of saying that in the twenty-five minutes Allison’s brain has been receiving this new information, it has already learned to process it and make connections.
And sure enough, once Amy starts back with the first electrode, Allison is able to hear much softer sounds. That’s crazy! Think about it: Allison can actually hear sounds that just twenty minutes previous she could not.
Amy unplugs Allison from the computer then asks if we want to wait until our parents get there before she turns on the implant. (When Allison was plugged into the computer, her implant bypassed the microphone. So technically, her implant hasn’t been turned on to the outside world.) We say yes, we want them here when it’s first turned on.

To be continued . . ..



Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Update: Wednesday, July 11, 2012. Shelter Island, New York.

At dinner tonight Allison mentioned that earlier, when she plugged into her phone to listen to some music, she was disappointed that it didn’t sound too good. “Then I remembered I had a specific program for music,” she said, “and the difference was amazing!”


“Yeah,” Hayden said, “I walked into the bedroom and I thought I saw you with earbuds in, and I was thinking, ‘What?’”

“You weren’t wearing earbuds were you?” I asked.

“No, I was plugged right in with the wire.” (Meaning, she plugged her implant directed into her phone.)

Still, what Hayden was trying to express was (I think) how surprised he was to see his mom listening to music, how incredible it is that Allison can listen to music and understand the words and enjoy it.

*

Last night, Allison, Rob, and I went out for dinner, just the three of us. I can’t remember the last time we did that, and in the spirit of celebration, I decided to have a margarita (I don’t usually drink, but we were sitting at the bar, waiting for our table). Since I’m also the designated driver (Rob let his license expire years ago), I made a joke about one of the two of them having to drive me home.

“Or we could just walk,” I said, holding up my drink and pretending to swagger. “It would be like that time Nik fell into the ditch, that summer in Sweden – remember?”

Allison shook her head. “It makes me sad to say it, but I’ve missed so much of your conversations, you know?”

“I know,” I said, nodding. “But not anymore!”

“I know,” she said, “And now I’m afraid how much I’m going to hear!”

We laughed, she joked about having a program to turn down her kids, and we waited. The restaurant, at a marina, was busy. When they finally came to get us, they led us around the corner from the main dining area and seated us at a table right outside the noisy kitchen. We were right on the water and I could still hear the loud music playing from the bar.

But the best thing? We talked for almost two hours and I don’t remember once having to repeat what I said because she couldn’t understand me.

Totally crazy.

More fun times to come!

Friday, June 29, 2012

Hearing, Part 3: The Cochlear Implant, cont’d


RECAP: The microphone on the earpiece picks up sound waves, and via the analog-digital-converter, translates them into a stream of 1s and 0s. This stream is first sent to the Automatic Gain Control, which increases volume of quiet sounds and decreases volume of loud sounds, and then to the Bandpass filters, which separates the signal into frequency groups. The output from these filters get processed by Allison’s MAP, which adjusts frequency levels according her individual needs and preferences.

The processor’s work is now complete and the signal is ready to be sent to the internal computer. Recall that the earpiece/processor is connected via a wire to the external headpiece, which is held in place – on Allison’s head, resting atop the internal piece – magnetically. So the processed signal is sent from the earpiece along this wire to the headpiece, at which point it needs to pass through the skin.

According to Michael Chorost, “[t] he obvious way to send information through unbroken skin is by radio waves, so the headpiece is a miniature radio transmitter, broadcasting the data to the implant using AM waves.” I mean – duh! – Obvious! Everyone knows this is possible because electricity and radio are manifestations of the same underlying force.

Okay. So the external headpiece turns signal into AM radio waves and transmits them through the skin to the internal computer. This internal computer picks up the AM radio waves and converts them back into an electrical impulse carrying digital data. (At the same time, the internal computer is sending a message, via FM radio waves, to the external headpiece saying Everything is working on this end! Which is why, when Allison takes off the headpiece, a little light starts blinking, indicating a disruption in communication.)

Wait a minute. The earpiece is run off rechargeable batteries, but how is the internal computer powered? It is powered by the radio waves. (I know all this information isn’t necessary to understanding the basics of a CI, but I just thought it was cool.) When radio waves come into contact with a wire, a flow of electricity is generated. So within the internal casing, there’s a small coil that picks up the incoming radio signal, and in doing so, creates enough electricity to run the internal computer and the electrode array.

Which brings us back to the next step in the process. The internal computer is wired to the electrode array inside of Allison’s cochlea. The electrode array it is a strip of silicone with an array of 24 tiny platinum plates, or electrodes. (An electrode is just something that conducts electricity.) The silicone strip is about 1 ½ inches long, less than a millimeter wide, and is inserted into Allison’s cochlea.

Side note 1: The electrode array is handmade by an electrician looking through a microscope. The skills involved in making them require at least three months of training and finishing two electrodes a day is considered a good pace.

Side note 2: When the array was first developed, it was too stiff and would often damage the cochlea when it was inserted. In trying to fix this problem, it was made softer, but then it wasn’t stiff enough to feed into the spiraling cochlea, and the surgeons couldn’t get it to go in. So the story goes that one day, one of the scientists involved in developing the implant was on vacation at the beach with his family. He had found a shell that was similar to the cochlea in its spiral structure, and was feeding a blade of grass into it when the solution occurred to him: the electrode array needed to be stiff at the end, like the blade of grass, but soft at the other end so as to not damage the inner ear!

So the incoming electrical impulse (having been converted from the AM radio waves) tells the internal computer to ‘fire’ the electrode in the cochlea, which stimulates the auditory nerves. The auditory nerves send the message to the brain, but this is outside the realm of the CI. (There’s nothing wrong with Allison’s auditory nerve – never has been.)

So – done and done. And done quickly – this whole process, from microphone to auditory nerves, takes ¼ of a millisecond.

Wow. Really super cool awesome shit.

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Hearing Part 3: The Cochlear Implant


Nineteen days ago, Allison underwent surgery for a Cochlear Implant (CI). 

Six days ago, the implant was 'hooked up' – the computer in her head was turned on. 

To say it was a miracle would be doing a disservice to the engineers and computer scientists who developed, and are continuing to develop, the device's hardware, its software, and its underlying technology. To say it was magic would be overlooking the doctors who perfected the surgery, the first patients who willingly underwent the surgery in spite of great unknown risks, and the audiologists who continue to make it all come together. For these people – the scientists, engineers, programmers, surgeons, audiologists – the fact that my sister can hear after 38 years is not magical, not a miracle. Rather, it's the result of decades of hard work, commitment, and perseverance. Quite simply, Allison can hear because people she never knew dedicated their lives to a cause greater than themselves. So one big clap for them!

But I am getting ahead of myself. 

First, the implant:
There are three main components to the CI – A) the processor, which she wears hooked on her ear, much like a hearing aid without the ear mold; B) the external head piece, which attaches to the internal piece via a magnet; and C) the internal electronics implanted in her head, just under her skin.


How these three pieces work together is a bit more complicated, so let's start with an incoming sound and follow it to the brain.

The microphone is located on the processor, the piece that fits behind her ear, and it works kind of like an ear drum, except instead of a membrane, it's a piece of metal backed by a plastic plate. When the metal piece vibrates from the sound, it induces a charge in the plastic, a process of converting sound continuously into electricity. This electric charge, having preserved all the information of the sound, is now ready for processing. 

First stop is the analog to digital converter. Michael Chorost, author of Rebuilt, describes it like this: Imagine the incoming electric charge as a river. The converter samples, or 'dips a figurative finger' into, this river 17,000 times per second. Each time, volume and pitch are measured and converted into 1's and 0's, which is a digital representation of the sound wave. Incomes electric charge and out goes a stream of numbers.

Next comes the Automatic Gain Control subroutine (subroutine is just a computing term that means 'a set of instructions designed to perform a frequently used operation within a program'). What this does is take the enormous range of sound that occurs in the natural world and squeeze it down into a manageable format. *I will go into greater detail about this process in a later post, as explaining why a CI needs an AGC depends on an understanding of how sound works as well as how the un-impaired ear deals with it. For now, suffice it to say that the difference between very quiet sounds and very loud sounds is much, much greater than we comprehend it to be.


From the Automatic Gain Control, the signal is sent through a set of filters that separate the sound according to frequency (frequency is the vibration rate of the sound wave, which determines its pitch. That is, if the wave is vibrating slowly, we hear a low sound, and if the wave is vibrating quickly, we hear a high sound.) These are called Bandpass filters. I'm not exactly sure how many there are in Allison's implant. In 2005, when Chorost published his book (from which I take a lot of my information), his implant had sixteen different filters.  Regardless, what the filters do is separate the signal into different frequency groups, which allow the signal to be manipulated according to frequency. You can think of it like an EQ on your stereo. You can boost the lows if you want more bass (yeah, baby!), and pull the highs down if you don't like how the drummer is playing her symbols. (But please keep in mind, drummers are people too.)

Once the sound is filtered, then, it is customized according to individual needs and/or preferences. This is called a MAP, and each person's MAP is unique. According to Amy Gensler, Allison's audiologist, there are many factors that determine how a MAP is programmed. One factor is how the individual's hair cells were damaged. Going back to how the inner ear works, recall the inner and outer hair cells that line the inside of the cochlea. The hair cells at the basal end, near the middle ear, correspond to high frequency sounds and the hair cells at the apical end, the end point of the spiral basically, correspond to low frequencies. This means, of course, that how and what Allison heard (after Spinal Meningitis but before the implant) depended, in large part, on which hair cells were damaged, and how badly.  

Okay, so now that we have a processed signal, it is ready to be sent up the wire to the external head piece. 

To be continued . . ..